BAHASA INGGRIS 1

1. Pronoun (Kata ganti)
Part of speech ini berfungsi untuk menggantikan kata benda baik orang maupun sesuatu. Perhatikan table pronoun (kata ganti berikut ini). Silakan baca artikel tentang pronoun dan fungsinya untuk penjelasan lebih lengkap.

2. Adjective (Kata sifat)

     Part of speech ini berfungsi untuk menjelaskan kata benda. Contoh adjective : Sad, happy, beautiful, crazy, patient, polite, handsome, etc.

Contoh kalimat:

      -She is happy
- have a funny cat.

      -That is a wonderful idea.

   
3. Nouns (Kata benda)

Part of speech ini berfungsi untuk menamai orang, hewan, tempat, benda, etc.

Contoh noun: car, police, teacher, sky, etc.

Dalam bahasa Inggris, kata benda dikelompokkan menjadi beberapa macam, silakan baca artikel pengertian dan macam kata bendadalam bahasa Inggris.

4. Conjunction (Kata Penghubung)

Part of speech ini berfungsi untuk menhubungkan kata dengan kata, frasa dengan frasa atau kalimat dengan kalimat. Contoh conjunction: and, yet, but, before, after, therefore, otherwise etc. Silakan baca artikel tentang conjunction disini: pengertian conjunction, arti dan fungsinya untuk penjelasan yang lebih lengkap.

Contoh kalimat:

      - She had gone home beforeI met her last night.

- They will come to my house andhis house to have a meal

      5. Adverb (Kata keterangan)

Part of speech ini berfungsi untuk menjelaskan kata kerja (verb), kata sifat (adjective), atau menjelaskan adverb lainnya. ada 7 macam adverb, adverb of time, place, manner, degree, frequency, modality, dan focus.

Contoh adverb: now (time), seriously (manner), there (place), always (frequency)

Contoh kalimatnya:

- I want to visit her now.

- She is studying English seriously.

      6. Verb (Kata kerja)

Part of speech ini berfungsi untuk menyatakan tindakan, yang menghasilkan suatu aktivitas. Contoh verb: bring, play, increase, improve, drive, etc.

Contoh kalimat:

- I drive a car very slowly

- We need to improveout speaking skill.

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

·      The Simple Present Tense takes the same form as the infinitive of a verb

·      The Simple Present Tense takes - s or – es when the subject is the third person singular.

For example : He takes English lesson everyday

                        She watches TV every evening

·      The auxiliary do or does is used for the negative and interrogative

For example : The watch TV everyday

They do not watch TV everyday

             He takes English lesson everyday

Does he take English lesson everyday?

·      The common time marker for the Simple Present Tense every ... (everyday, every morning, every Friday, etc)

·      The Simple Present Tense is used for habitual action, general truth, or something factual

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Will vs. Be Going To

To express a PREDICTION: Use either WILL or BE GOING TO

a) According to the weather report, it will                  be cloudy tomorrow      b) According to the weather report, it is going to be cloudy tomorrow      c) Be careful! You will hurt yourself!      d) Watch out! You are going to hurt yourself!

When or the speaker is making a prediction (statement about something he/she thinks will be true or will occur in the future), either will or be going to is possible.      There is no difference in meaning between (a) and (b).      There is no difference in meaning between (c) and (d).

To express a PRIOR PLAN: Use only BE GOING TO

e) A: Why did you buy this paint?     B: Im going to paint my bedroom         tomorrow.   f) I talked to Bob yesterday. He is tired of    taking the bus to work. He is going to    buy a car. That is what he old me.

When the speaker is expressing a prior plan (something that the speaker intends to do in the future because in the past he/she has made a prior decision to do it), only be going to is used. In (e): Speaker B has made a prior plan. She decided to paint her bedroom last week. She intends to paint her bedroom tomorrow. In (f): The speaker knows Bob’s intention to buy a car. Bob made the decision in the past and he intends to act on this decision in the future. Will is not appropriate in (e) and (f).

To express WILLNGNESS: Use only WILL

g) A: The phone is ringing.     B: I will get it. h) A: I dont’t understand this problem.     B: Ask your teacher about it. She will     help you.

In (g): Speaker B is saying “I am willing, I am happy to get the phone. “He is not making a prediction. He has made no prior plan to answer the phone and uses will to show willingness. In (h): Speaker B feels sure about the teacher willingness to help. Be going to is not appropriate in (g) and (h).

THE PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT TENSE

The Present Perfect and Past Perfect Tense

Both present perfect and past perfect talk about something that happened before a point in time (reference point).

In the present perfect, our reference point is the present.

In the past perfect, our reference point is in the past.

The Present Prerfect Tense

A.  Present Perfect is used to indicate an action that happened in the past and continues to the present.

Example: Mr. Andre has stayed in Jakarta for thirty years.

(he started to stay in Jakarta thirty years ago and he still stay in Jakarta)

B.  Present Perfect is used to indicate an action that happened in the past and the result of the action continues to or still true at present.

Example: I have turned on the air conditioner.

(the result of the action continues to he present i,e. The air conditioner still on)

C.  Present perfect is used to indicate an action that happened in the past and was repeated over period of time.

Example: We have visited Safari Park many times.

The present perfect tense is formed with have/has + Past Participle.

The time signals for the present perfect tense are:

Since               = sejak/semenjak

Almost             = hampir

Never              = tidak pernah

Yet                   = belum

Already            = telah/sudah selesai

Just                 = baru saja

Ever                = pernah

Last                 = yang terakhir

For                   = selama

Past Perfect

The past perfect is used to indicate an action that happened before another activity in the past; there usually are two actions in the sentence.

John had gone to the store before he went home.

                    1^st action                                      2^nd action

Jack told us yesterday that he had visited England in 1970.

The past perfect usually used with before, after, or when.

The adverb when can be used in place of before or after in any of these four formulas without changes in meaning. We still know which action happened first because of the use of past perfect.

-    John had gone to the store before he went home.

-    John went home after he had gone to the store.

-    Before John went home, he had gone to the store.

-    After John gone to the store, he went home.